CPR
Berkes & farer‐a class of resources for which exclusion is difficult and joint use involves substructibility.
Feeny‐define CPR as the resources held by an identifiable community of independent users in which
thease users exclude outsides while regulating use by members of local community.
Access to common property resources is unregulated, free and open to everyone.
Utilization pattern of common property resources:
Firstly, resource users over consume resources.
Secondly, with 2 substitute resources, recourse users may consume too much of one and too little of
another.
Thirdly, resource users may use inefficient methods to harvest recourse.
Fourthly, resource users under open access regime are not likely to invest in the resource at all, even
when investment in increasing the supply of resources is possible.
Finally, users of CPRs under invest in information about the resource.
Traits of CPRs
1. The resource unit has boundaries that are well defined by physical, biological and social
parameters.
2. There is a well delineated group of users.
3. Multiple users participate in resource extraction.
4. Well understood rules exists among users regarding their rights and dutieto another about
resource extraction.
5. Users compete for resources and impose negative externalities on one another.
6. A well delineated group of rights holders exists.
Forest as CPR
1. Open access to resources: every ones property is no ones property.
2. Subs tractability: in a forest a user can harm the benefit of another and vise versa.
3. Well defined boundary
4. Multiple users of resources
5. Well understood rules and regulation: clear cut rules governing the status of forest (RF, PR, and
USF), defining the user rights on forests.
6. Users compete for resources
7. Well structured administration: forests are large units with a well layered administrative set up.
Management of forest as CPR
1. User groups need right to organize their activities or at least guarantee of no interference
2. The boundaries of the resources must be clear
3. The criteria of membership in the group of eligible users of the resource must be clear
4. Users must have rights to modify their use rules over time
5. Use rules must correspond to what system can tolerate and should be environmentally
conservative
6. Use rules must be clear and easily enforceable
7. Infraction of use rules must be monitored and punished
8. Distribution of decision making rights to co‐owners of the commons need not be democratic,
but must be viewed a fair
9. Inexpensive and rapid methods to resolving minor conflicts need to be devised
10. Institutions for managing very large systems need to be layered
Multiple use of forestry
1. Forest goods: fuel wood, timber, housing materials, industrial raw materials, honey and wax,
clothing materials like silk, medicines, fishes, foods etc.
2. Forest services:
a. Environmental influence:
• Reduction of global temperature and atmospheric carbon
• Pollution control
• Influence on climate
b. Conservation:
• Biodiversity conservation
• Environment for wildlife
• Nutrient cycling
c. Protection:
• Control of soil erosion
• Increasing soil fertility
• Reduction of wind erosion
d. Recreation and amenity:
• Ecotourism
• Aesthetic beauty
• Hunting, trapping and fishing
e. Productive purposes:
• Grazing
• Forestry as handmade of agriculture
Concepts of multiple use:
Pearson’s concept: ‘’there is a place and time for every activity and that is merely organized and
coordinated land use specialization’’
According to this concept the most level and fertile land will be devoted to production of cereal, sloping
grounds for pasture and rough terrain assigned to production of trees.
Thus, the total area produces several products but any specific area is devoted to single.
Dana‐McArdle’s concept: This concept considers the simultaneous management of several resources
and yield an optimum combination of forest products and services.
‘’every acres of the forest should be made to produce that particular combination of products that will
maximize net return to the owners either public or private and whether measured in monetary or other
units’’
System:
Means an organized relationship among units or components.
It is an integrated network of interacting elements, receiving certain inputs and producing certain
outputs with the objective of optimizing some functions of these inputs and outputs.
Characteristics of system:
Organization: It is the arrangement of components that helps to achieve objectives. Such as in forestry
production system the hierarchical relationships starting with CCF on the top and downward to the
forest guard at the field level represents the organization structure.
Interaction: It refers to the manner in which each component function with other components of the
system.
Interdependence: Means that, parts of organization depend on one another. They are coordinated and
linked together according to a plan.
Integration: It means that, parts of the system works together within the system even through each part
perform unique function.
Central objective: Objective may be real or stated. Although stated objective may be the real objective.
Elements of system:
1. Outputs and inputs: A major objective of system is to produce an output that has value to its
users. Outputs are goods, services and information and inputs are the elements that enter the
system for processing.
2. Processor: It is the element of a system that involves the actual transformation of input into
output.
3. Control: It is the decision making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing
input, processing and output.
4. Feedback: Control in a system is achieved by feedback. Feedback measures output against a
standard in some form of cybernetic procedure that includes communication and control.
5. Environment: It is the ‘suprasystem’ within which an organization operates. It often determines
how a system must function.
6. Boundaries and interface: A system should be defined by its boundaries‐the limits that identify
its components, processes and interrelationships when it interfaces with another system.
System analysis:
The main functions of system analysis are as follows:
First, the problem to be solved must be accurately defined.
The existing system is then investigated to understand how it works, using techniques such as
flow charting and decision tables.
Next, the result of investigation are analysed and used as basis for the design of a new system.
The new system is then implemented and evaluated and those people concerned with using and
running it are taught how to operate and maintain it efficiently.
Information system in forestry:
Forestry information systems recognize three types of information needs.
1. Information for strategic planning and analysis:
• Simulation models: It is for forecasting what is likely to happen.
• Forestry data: It includes detailed information on forest boundaries, site qualities, age
classes, condition of topography and soils etc.
• Market information
• Information related to policy and socio economic consideration
2. Tactical (medium and short term) planning:
• Remote sensing imagery: Aerial photographs, Orthophotographs, Digital orthoimagery,
Satellite imagery.
• GPS
• GIS
3. Operational management and control:
• Electronic data recorders
• On board computers
• Manual crosscutting by computers
• Truck‐mounted GPS
• Real time data transmissions
Contribution of forestry sector to national economy of Bangladesh
1. Forestry sector provides 2% of the total employment.
2. Share GDP 3.25 in 1996‐97.
3. Per capita consumption of fuelwood was 0.06 m3 in 2000.
4. Per capita consumption of timber was 0.01 m3 in 2000.
5. The estimated total value added in 1992 was tk 21 bilion.85% of which come from primary wood
processing, 11% from secondary wood processing and 3% from non wood products.
Saw log production is the largest value making up 42%, while fuelwood production creates 27%
and bamboo production 13%.
Problems of employment in forestry sector in Bangladesh
1. Lack of govt. initiatives.
2. Lack of information related to employment opportunity.
3. Seasonality of forest based employment opportunity.
4. Gradual mechanization of forest based industrial activities.
5. Lack of marketing facilities in forestry sector.
6. Lack of political commitment.
7. Lack of planned forestry activities.
8. Lack of proper evaluation of forestry sector.
9. Lack of coordination between govt. and NGO activities.
Economic characteristics of outdoor recreation:
1. OR services are resource oriented and not user oriented.
2. OR activities satisfy individual needs.
3. The value of OR service does not diminish with the uses.
4. OR is subjected to the law of diminishing marginal utility.
5. Recreation is associated with intangible and the aesthetic experiences are regarded as
immeasurable.
6. It is mainly an aesthetic commodity.
7. Absence of market price.
8. OR is produced jointly with other forest products.
9. OR can not be stored.
10. It is location oriented.
11. It requires consumer’s time, taste and money.
